Fama And French Model And Capm Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1708 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Estimating the expected return of the asset is the fundamental of finance subject and it is vital to the existence of the business. There are two models of asset pricing widely used to calculate the cost of equity: Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and Fama and French three factor model. This report will critically analyze the strength as well as weakness between two models; also, it will explain the reason why CAPM are widely used by the manager even though it has quite a lot of shortcomings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fama And French Model And Capm Finance Essay" essay for you Create order CAPM (Capital asset pricing model) is used to calculate the expected return on one stock, indicating the close relationship between the expected return of the risky asset and the Beta (specific systematic risk, derived from the time-series regression analysis). CAPM predicts that stocks with high expected return should have high risk because the expected return has positive linear relation with the non-diversifiable risk i.e. Beta. (IRJ) CAPM equation: E(r) = rf + Beta[E(rm) rf] CAPM is widely used to estimate the discount rate of the firms future cash flows. Another application of CAPM is the Sharpe ratio e.g. reward to variability ratio, it measures the performance of the asset by dividing the expected return by the standard deviation. (investment) SML (Security market line) graphs the relationship between Beta and the expected return, it measures the rate of return needed to compensate for the risk born by the investors, and for the time value of money as well. As long as CAPM holds, all assets should lie on the SML. Securities lie above the SML will have greater expected return with the same risk, which means they are underpriced, the difference between the actual and expected return is called alpha or abnormal return. In reality, the investor would like to buy the underpriced and sell the overpriced securities. CML (Capital market line) shows the relationship between the expected return and the standard deviation by mixing risky portfolio with the risk free asset.(Bodie) The Sharpe-Lintner model indicates that the Jensens alpha or intercept is zero. Actually, according to recent tests of Douglas (1968), Black, Jensen and Scholes (1972), Blume and Friend (1973) as well as Fama and French (1992), the intercept is greater than the risk free rate. (JEP) According to Banz(1981), CAPM model fails to explain the relation between the firm size and the expected return, which is called size effect. Similarly, the book-to-market ratio is anot her important factor that can affect the return of the stock. Several tests have proved that Beta alone is not enough to explain all the risks in reality. (IRJ) CAPM works by estimating beta from the market, combining it with the risk free rate and market return to calculate the cost of equity capital. However, several empirical tests have proved that the actual relation between Beta and the expected return is much lower than the prediction of CAPM. According to Friend and Blume, CAPM indicates that high beta stocks have high returns and low betas stocks have low returns, which is imprecise. (JEP) To overcome this weakness, researchers such as Jensen and Scholes (1972), Friend and Blume (1970) have tested and they conclude that using Beta of a portfolio would be more precise than using Beta of individual stock. Beta can explain individual stock return therefore it is able to explain the portfolio return; using portfolio beta can help reduce errors in variable problems. Althoug h this method still has a small problem, it decreases the statistical power; it can be fixed by sorting portfolios by the beta, from the lowest to the highest. (JEP) To examine the efficiency of Beta, an empirical test on the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE) has been run: 100 stocks have been selected from FTSE/ ASE 20, FTSE/ ASE Mid 40 and FTSE/ ASE Small Cap and they were formed into 10 portfolios. The table below is the summary of the result from the regression analysis. Portfolio rp beta (p) a10 0.0001 0.5474 b10 0 0.7509 c10 -0.0007 0.9137 d10 -0.0004 0.9506 e10 -0.0008 0.93 f10 -0.0009 0.9142 g10 -0.0006 1.0602 h10 -0.0013 1.1066 i10 -0.0004 1.1293 j10 -0.0004 1.2024 Average Rf 0.0014  Average rm=(Rm-Rf) 0.0001 Source: Metastock (Greek) Data Base and calculations (S-PLUS) (IRJ) One of the main points of CAPM is that high Beta should result in high expected return. Nevertheless, the test on 100 stocks of ASE has provided an opposite conclusion. Portfolio a10 has the lowest Beta (0.5474) but it has the highest return (0.0001) while j10 has the highest Beta with the lowest return. FAMA Beside CAPM, the three factor model (or Fama and French model) is another alternative to achieve asset pricing. According to the model, the sensitivity of the expected return depends on those three factors: + The difference between the return on the market portfolio and the risk free rate: rm rf + The difference between the return on the portfolio of small stocks and the portfolio of large stocks: SMB (small minus big) + The difference between the return on the portfolio of high book- to- market- value stocks and portfolio of low book to market value stocks: HML (high minus low) The expected return of stock i is: Er(i) rf = alpha(i) + Beta(i) (rm rf) + Beta(SMB) r(SMB) + Beta(HML) r(HML) + e(i) Fama and French indicate that firms with high book to market value ratio and positive slope on HML are more likely to gain higher returns and in return, have higher possibility in facing financial distress because small firms are more sensitive to changes of the market. (Multifactor) One of the most serious defects of Fama and French model is the momentum effect of Jegadeesh and Titman (1993), which indicates that stocks which showed high returns in the past 3 or 12 months will continue to gain high returns in the next several months and similarly, stocks performed badly in the past would continue to have poor performance. This assumption is left unexplained. (JEP)(Multi) Also, bad-model is another problem that Fama as well as other asset pricing model fail to explain. Although the three factor model seems to give more accurate result, it is still based on the empirical model of expected returns; however that model cannot completely explain the average return. The bad-model effect is less serious in the short term returns (daily); however, it becomes important in long term returns, especially on small stocks. (10.1) Finally, because Fama and French explain more clearly the factors of risk, it requires detailed forecast of market index r eturn, SMB as well as HML return, which make it difficult and expensive to apply this method.(Bodie) Compare: Beta from CAPM alone cannot fully explained the total risk of the stock, while Fama and French model indicates that the sensitivity of the return depends on the market, size and book-to-market ratio to explain the expected return, many studies have proved that the Fama and French model provides a more accurate estimation for the expected return. CAPM fails because Beta shows little relation to variables such as BE/ME, PE and CP ratio which are important in determining the expected return. Here is an example of applying Fama and French model and CAPM in Thailand Stock Exchange: 421 companies are divided into 6 groups: SH, SM, SL, BH, BM, BL. S and B are the size of the company, whereas H, M, L represents the book-to-market value. SH BH SM BM SL BL 114 14 122 56 52 63 (Thailand) The table below shows the adjusted R squared of CAPM and Fama and French model in Thailand Stock Exchange from 2002 to 2007: According to Bodie, adjusted R-s quared is the square root of the correlation coefficient, it estimates the regression line. It is called the measure of goodness -of-fit; adjusted R-squared is also a tool to compare the usefulness among models because it can measure how much of the difference in individual stock return can be explained by the estimation. (Compare)  CAPM Fama and French SH 0.295 0.567 BH 0.077 0.91 SM 0.143 0.33 BM 0.231 0.885 SL 0.351 0.384 BL 0.671 0.669 According to the table above, the value of adjusted R-squared of Fama and French model dominates the CAPM. The average value of FF model is 0.63 where as CAPMs is 0.3. The range of CAPM is from 0.077 to 0.671 while FF models range is from 0.33 to 0.91. Apparently, Fama and French model can express more efficiently than CAPM model. (Thailand) Here is another test ran by Zhi Da (2008) to compare the efficiency between two models: A set of 30 portfolio has been created and analyzed:  Cross sectional Analysis  CAPM FF 3 Factor Average Factor Return Intercept 0.0034 0.005   -1.76 -2.41 [1.75] [2.39] MKT 0.0058 0.0038 0.0067  -2.22 -1.41  [1.85] [1.18] SMB  0.0041 0.0021  -1.98  [1.72] HML 0.0017 0.0042  -1.11  [0.88] adj R2 32.51% 35.91% (item) According to the table, the intercept of Fama and French model is consistent with its theory, it is greater than CAPMs (0.005 versus 0.0034), while FFs market factor is less than CAPMs. The significant strength of the three factor model is that it acounts for the risk of the size and book-to-market ratio of the company, and therefore the model has higher coefficient as opposed to CAPM, Fama and French model can explain nearly 36% of the expected return, whereas CAPM can explain only 32.5%. Conclusion: CAPM indicates that Beta alone can explain all the risks related to the expected return, the discount rate and Beta is strongly related. However, several tests have proved that CAPM failed. The first point is that the intercept is actually greater than the risk free rate. Secondly, Beta alone is not enough to explain the risk; the expected return can be affected by other factors such as the size and book-to-market ratio. And finally, in reality, Beta does not have the relationship with expected return as strong as predicted by CAPM. Fama and French model provide a more accurate estimation as opposed to CAPM. It indicates that the expected return are affected by three factors: market return, size effect (SMB) and book-to-market ratio (HML). However, it still has shortcomings. The first defect is that it failed to explain the momentum effect. Secondly, not only Fama and French but others asset pricing model are based on the empirical model of expected return, which cannot complete ly explain the average return. Finally, the three factor model is quite complex and expensive to apply. If the forecast of the market return, SMB or HML is not accurate, then the result might be worse than CAPMs. Thus, although CAPM model still has a lot of defects, it is still widely used by managers. (Bodie)

Morality and Gay Rights Discourse Essay - 2620 Words

Morality and Gay Rights Discourse When Aristotle discussed the material premises of enthymemes as being important in rhetoric, he was prescient of the kind of appeals that would be tendered by opponents in the discourse over gay rights issues long after his time. Smith and Windes express the nature of this conflict accurately when they write, â€Å"symbols expressing fundamental cultural values are invoked by all sides† (1997: 28). Similarly, Sarah S. Brown describes the participants in a â€Å"struggle to stake out symbolic positions of good and to frame their side in terms of morally powerful conceptions of right and wrong† (2000: 458). Fascinatingly, she suggests, â€Å"even people with deeply conflicting opinions appeal to the same moral†¦show more content†¦To begin with, however, we turn back to enthymemes. Terrence Cook (1980) identifies eight categories of standards that are referred to in the justification of political appeals – prudence, tradition, the supernatural, (human) nature, law, public opinion, prestige suggestion, and ideals. He writes, â€Å"Sometimes standards are implicit in myths or metaphors, symbolizations which are more than decoration when they tap through concretization of otherwise cold cognitions† (516). In fact, he may be referring to the power of fundamental, (almost) universally accepted principles that are woven into the constitutive ‘myths’ and stories of social realities. Only tacit allusion to these principles is required to trigger them within an audience and engage that audience in their own persuasion. Certainly, this is the phenomenon that Brown (2000) encounters when she notices how opposing factions of the debate surrounding same-sex parenting each make claim to the same value-laden concepts in their arguments. For example, both â€Å"pros† and â€Å"cons† reference the utmost importance of family, believe that human rights are indispensable, and share â€Å"a conception of prejudice as irrational and unjustified opposition to something, even using the same words to describe it: hateful, judgmental, ignorant† (449). The substance of their arguments, then, consists of each party attempting to load this â€Å"shared moral language† with definitional information that favors their opinion.Show MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Foucault And Today1166 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy 28 June 2015 The Ethics of Foucault and Today Ethics has been studied from different spectrums throughout time whether political or moral based, a collective or individual effort, philosophers have studied theses values based on what is right and wrong. One thinker who is not commonly seen as a philosopher but referred to in countless works is Michel Foucault. 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Learning English Free Essays

English is the most widely spoken language in the world, and has more second-language speakers than any other language. English is also the language of the Internet, and so studying, doing research, interacting with international companies and travelling is almost impossible without at least some English. It is now impossible to find a country where learning English has not become popular. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning English or any similar topic only for you Order Now You wish to travel someplace, you have to communicate. If you don’t know the language of the country where you go, just try speaking English and they will understand. magine that you don’t know english and you go to china and of course you don’t know chinese and you need to find an address. how will you ask that address to some one ? and i can give you thousands of examples like that. Now in most of the job application the company ask about the languages you know. and all of them expect that you know english because international customers rely on English speaking employees to help them with day to day operations to interpret, translate and communicate directly with English speaking customers. Speak fluent English can improve job opportunities. There are other opportunities available for those who learn English. Learning English can improve the chances of being accepted into colleges. Learning English also can expand the ability to access news and information, much of which is generated only in English. if you are looking for an information on internet and if you are looking it in english you will find more than in your language. because english is an international language. you can find all the news , magazines, all the information you need you can find in english. as we all know music connects people to people. f you don’t know english how will you understand the meaning of the song and how will you enjoy it. music is really important in life. imagine a life without music how boring will it be. no music on the radio when you are in rush? i really can’t imagine a life like that . english is important for your education too. if you go to USA to study you get a better education than you will get in your country . you will meet some new international friends and some hay if you need some think from the countries that you have friends you will solve it easily. in the end learning english is the best thing to do for your life. How to cite Learning English, Essays

Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research- A Critical Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Researchfor a Critical Analysis. Answer: Introduction The main argument discussed in the said paper highlights the optimistic approach towards accounting research. Accounting is a subject where the reasons with regards the behavioural pattern of human beings are explored along with complexity of the entities. The personal communication is replaced by impersonal communications where the information shared helps in taking sound decisions. To investigate the pros and cons of the accounting research, ontological and epistemological assumptions are explored. The paper describes the shortages with regards the manner in which the said research is performed which defeats the actual meaning of the same. The structure of the paper is such that it details about the positive researches that has taken place in accounting along with testing of certain hypothesis. Lastly it emphasises upon the fact that what is needed in to conduct a successful accounting research program. Summary of the Article The said article is written from a positivist view point where the concept of building and thorough testing of the same is a priority. It talks about the fact that the research project is crucial. It assumes certain assumptions while conducting research such as the fact that in the common parlance it is easy to procure reliable data about the happenings in the world. The intellectual program discussed about in this article is on economics and accounting which the author calls it positive research. It further discusses some examples which make it apparent that the research in accounting is very different from the Positive Accounting Theories spelt out by eminent economists. The first theory was developed by two American Professors Ross Watts and Jerold Zimmerman who stated that people look for opportunities for to multiply their income and financial position (Trang Thao, 2015). The main purpose of the positive accounting research is not to dig into exploration and experience but discover causation. While conducting the research it may seem that ontology and epistemology is not right but at the same time calling it to be meaningless and bizarre is also not correct. The concept of positive investigation is not very old in the field of accounting. Next it discusses about the various tests and methodologies that should be undertaken so as to convert the observations and summaries into theories. Along with the same there are discussions held wherein people try to falsify the stated theories as well and also state the methodologies adopted for proving such a falsification. The paper also highlights the fact that only quantitative research is not the basis simply because people often confuse the word quantitative with positive. A successful positive research cannot be conducted in isolation and neither by just stating theories. The theoretical models should be thoroughly tested so much that they would become unacceptable. More importantly the said article has made it clear that a wide gap exists between the actual scenario with regards performance of positive accounting research and what developments is actually needed so as to effectively contribute to the intellectual program. Research Question The main research question which is the centre point is the scientific research in economics and accounting. The author wants to plough into the concept of positive accounting research. A stream of intellectual enquiry hypothesis is assumed wherein The people belong to a world where the events and the various other activities are free from any kind of influences and wishes. These events are a part of the world due to certain reasons. In the common parlance it is very easy to obtain data about the various events if the same is observed minutely. The main reason behind such an observation is to gain an insight into the world specifically the causation. The article also talks about the fact that positive accounting research and just accounting research are two different concepts. However the above mentioned hypothesis is deeply researched by asking open questions. Firstly it questions the fact of existence of agency and the social environment attached to it. Then it emphasizes upon the ontological and epistemological hurdles which prevent the understanding of the accounting phenomena. The main issue being discussed is the agency problem Once these hypothesis are stated, the same has to be tested for any kind of falsification and for the same Poppers criterion is said to be one of the best suited. However any theory cannot be falsified by a single observation. Another very crucial research theory that is discussed is the fact that qualitative research is more fruitful than quantitative research (Gaffikin,2007). Ultimately it talks about the requirements for a successful positive research program along with revelation of a gap with regards the actual performance of the positive accounting research and the things needed to make it more powerful. Theoritical Framework Many theories have been stated in the said article with regards the positive accounting research. The theoretical framework doubts the hypothesis stated above. Firstly it states that everything in this world is interrelated i.e. the social environment is dependent upon the human beings and vice versa. The main issue lies with the aspect of agency simply because humans tend to behave as per their own wishes without any influences and due to this there is a problem of rationality. Ontology and epistemology to be positive always is not right but at the same time it would be incorrect to call it unreasonable. Scientific research in economics and accounting is more focussed upon collection of adequate information be it in value terms or quality. It considers the theory stated by Popper as one of the most suitable one in terms of scientific research. Popper has stated certain steps to be followed which is observation and development of initial ideas, development of formal theory where the qualitative predictions are given more weightage in comparison to quantitative predictions as it is more prone to falsification. The new theory is again tested for falsification and the steps are repeated again until a theory is arrived, in which the falsification is at its minimal (Mealing, 2010). The main reason behind the same is to formulate one such theory amongst many which is the most effective of all. The framework also emphasises upon the fact that more than two theories are tested against each other as testing of a single theory will not reap results as desired. The same is illustrated in the bel ow mentioned diagram. SOURCE: Shuttleworth, 2010 Further to this it also mentions the ways and means adopted for falsification of theories. A single surveillance cannot fabricate a theory, in fact a series of observations which are decisive in nature help to prove whether a theory is acceptable or not. With regards positive accounting research both quantity and quality of data collected matters. The framework also defines the main reason behind conducting positive research in accounting. Firstly one needs to collect the relevant information which would enable development of initial understanding of the theory. For conducting quantitative research, a detailed conversation with the auditors and the client is required to be done so as to explore the various factors behind determination of the audit fees. Second purpose for conducting a qualitative positive research is for testing of the theories. The quantitative forecasts can be done basically with regards the explanations based on economics only. However, affirmations are the most frequently used theoretical framework which makes it clear that the components of the world behave in certain particular manner. It is this assertion that confirms the scope of the scientific research program. Unfortunately the qualitative accounting research method does not answer the said question as to whether such a claim is true or not. Assuming that the accounting information is prone to noise and measurement inaccuracies, statistics have a vital impact in positive accounting research. Statistics is basically estimation of the data and the same is incorrectly used in conjunction with hypothesis testing. Thus it can be rightly said that the hypothesis testing gives a very feeble proof in support of a particular substitute proposition. The author has confirmed that the positive accounting research points at understanding the human nature and the reasons for them to behave in an absurd manner. Further it also states that the decisions taken by humans in a complex setting of an organization is prejudiced by the specialised data and various internal control systems which are in place. The author also reiterates the fact that in order to gain out of the Popperian approach to positive research accounting, more and more theoretical models are required which should be tested thoroughly against relevant data. Further to this if the various eminent researchers test their models against the data then it is sure to fail the test. Simple reason being that the realities differ from the formulated models. Thus these theoretical frameworks clearly show that the positive accounting research is yet to be fully developed. Significance and Limitations of the Article The significance of the said article is that it discusses about the positive accounting research from a broader perspective. It highlights the behavioural pattern of human beings in the various organizational settings. The researches ontology and epistemology is thoroughly tested. Further the author has not just stated theories but also explained the same with examples and diagrams which makes it very comprehensive for the readers to judge. It does not accept theories and models in total but believes in conducting tests trying to prove the said models inadequate. Secondly the author believes in quality of work and models rather than just quantity. He also denies the dependability on any one theory and conducts tests of theories against each other to ensure better comparability of results and thus enabling ease in making decisions. The said article although is very significant in various aspects yet it has certain limitations which deters it from calling it a perfect one. The article does not discuss about the minute situations and just looks for the broader perspective. While analysing any data with a larger denominator , the small and specific numbers and analysis gets ignored. Secondly the author is too optimistic in his approach and thus tends to ignore the negative aspects as well which have a major impact on the models and the accounting theories practiced presently (Denzin, Lincoln 2000). Further to this the examples used in many places is also irrelevant to the topic i.e comparing the accounting research with mythology and such other religious stories which have no relation with the said concept. Lastly the author lacks in thinking multi-dimensional and continues to emphasise on the auditing as a subject matter. Author should have chosen from a more prominent area of accounting instead of choosing audi ting which is ore related to post accounting work. However since the author does not acknowledge these limitations due to a more positive view point, the significance of the said research gets defeated. Conclusion Thus on a concluding note the said research paper identifies the fact that the present practice adopted for conducting positive accounting research does not fulfil the requirements so much that the present research program is not operated effectively. The theoretical models formulated are not as per the requirements and do not serve the main purpose behind such formulations. Analysing the said theory and research just on the basis of auditing practice narrows down the theories to a considerable level. The fundamentals regarding the qualitative research is to be explored deeper which would enables testing of various theories simultaneously rather than testing any one in isolation. The positive accounting research undoubtedly has a major contribution to make in analysing the behavioural patterns of human beings in lieu of the complexity in the accounting profession as well as the entity. The main aim behind the said research is to enable the researchers perform their task with ease. Thus I feel that the said article has given adequate data with regards the positive accounting research but failed to give real life and more related examples to explain the theory more clearly. References Denzin, N.K., Lincoln Y.S., (2000), Handbook of Qualitative Research, Available at https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/qualitative (Accessed 14th December 2016) Gaffikin, M., (2007), Accounting Research and Theory : The age of neo-empiricism, Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, vol.1, no. 1 Mealing, P.P., (2010), Karl Poppers Criterion, Available at https://journeymanphilosopher.blogspot.in/2010/03/karl-poppers-criterion.html (Accessed 14th December 2016) Shuttleworth, M., (2010), Karl Poppers Basic Scientific Principle, Available at https://explorable.com/falsifiability (Accessed 14th December 2016) Trang, T.N., Thao, P.H., (2015), Positive Accounting An Effective Trend For Vietnamese Accounting In the New Era, Available at https://www.rusnauka.com/29_PMN_2015/Economics/7_198718.doc.htm (Accessed 14th December 2016)

Misogyny Hip Hop W Sources free essay sample

Tina Marble Misogyny In HIP Hop culture refers to lyrics, videos, or other aspects of hip hop culture that support, glorify, Justify or normalize the objectification, exploitation or factorization of women. Misogyny in hip hop music instills and perpetuates negative stereotypes about women. It can range from innuendos to stereotypical characterizations and defamations. Overt misogyny in rap and hip hop music emerged in the late sasss, and has since then been a feature of the music of numerous hip hop artists. Hip hop has had a considerable influence on modern popular culture, saturating mass media through music, radio broadcasts and a variety of other mediums. Gangster rap, the most commercially successful submerge of hip hop, has been particularly criticized and associated with misogyny. Others, however, contest the societal emphasis of misogyny In hip hop music, noting that misogynist and sexist themes are prevalent wealth other forms of popular discourse. We will write a custom essay sample on Misogyny Hip Hop W Sources or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The constant reference of women as blotches and hoes can be Interpreted as offensive or derogatory to women.However, showing women In a negative light appears in many music genres. The fact that it regularly occurs in hip hop is a scapegoat conservatives use to discredit hip hop music. Studies show that other music genres, such as rock music, contain more negative images of women, according to some studies. This is nothing new, Just as marketing and advertising companies have used sex to increase market share and earnings, because to be blunt, sex sells. Misogyny has become a sign of authenticity for some rappers, who use misogynistic lyrics and depictions of violence against women to prove that they are authentic gangs.Many artists view demeaning women as a way to assert their masculinity. Rappers are often considered fake if they distance themselves from hyper- masculine self-portrayals and hostile representations of women. Hip hop artists also use such lyrics to gain commercial success. Many lyrics have an Inherent distrust of women as a significant theme. Women are depicted as femme battles, gold diggers, and as lying about such things as their age or trying to get pregnant. Tuba Shakers Hell 4 A Hustler asks, Why plant seeds in a dirty pitch, waiting to trick me? Not the life for me.In addition, pimps are glorified and their ability to control and exploit women is praised. Authors also link the treatment of women in hip hop to troubled gender relations in inner-city Black and Hispanic communities. In an ethnographic study of inner-city Philadelphia neighborhood, a trend was evident of young men in such neighborhoods try to raise their social status and self-esteem by demeaning and exploiting women. Resulting from this study, it was also learned that, In many cases the more the young man seems to exploit women, the higher Is his regard wealth the group.Welter and Suborn (2009) have identified five common monolinguals themes In lyrics are as follows: (a) Derogatory naming and shaming of women, (c) Legitimating of violence against women, (d) Distrust of women, and (e) Celebration of prostitution and pimping. Men are praised if they abuse and exploit women . These insults seek to degrade women and keep them in their place. Sexual objectification is the most common misogynistic theme in rap music, according to the analysis of Wittier and Kabuki. Women are portrayed as only good for sex. Dry. Drew raps, Bitched anti sit but hoes ND tricks Get the buck out after youre done Violence is depicted as the most appropriate punishment for women who challenge male domination or simply disrespect men. Juvenile, for example, asks, If she thinks youre Joking, is she going get a quick choking? Physical violence and rape are considered fitting responses if women refuse sex or if they commit other offenses. Mine has also been criticized for his depictions of violence against women, Slut, you think I wont choke no where / Till the vocal chords dont work no more / Shut up slut, youre causing too such chaos. In the sasss audiences were endeared to and began to demand more violent and offensive lyrics and record executives were urging artists to write them. It is suggested that one of the reasons why artists use misogynistic lyrics in their music is that they have internalized the negative stereotypes about women that are prevalent in American society. African women were historically portrayed as annalistic sexual beasts and African males in a submissive role, giving in to wild instinct or bodily impulses. The initialization of such stereotypes may be a Seibel explanation of the hyper sexuality within certain hip hop music.Various authors have argued that misogyny is merely an outgrowth of the cultural acceptance of misogyny at large. Misogyny is a tried and true American tradition from which hip hop derives its understanding of how men and women should behave. Critics argue that hip hops misogyny and promotion of traditional gender roles reflect mainstream American values. Feminists suggest that misogyny in hip hop culture is not a black male thing, but has its roots in a larger pattern of hostility award women in American culture. Just listening to a track and hearing the word pitch continuously used, as in Jay Gs 99 Problems, on the surface structure, it appears as if it is a woman he is free of having problems from, when in actuality, it is a female canine dog he is referring to as the pitch. This is one example of where the context in which certain words are used has a huge impact on their interpretation. It is this writers view that yes; hip hop music is misogynistic in nature and is a sexist enterprise. The majority of Hip Hop that comes out today is misogynist and terrestrials.For the most part, Hip Hop and Rap began and has been a male- dominated genre (although there have been several successful female emcees like MS Late, Queen Latish, Ill Kim, etc. ) and has always had a blind element and been supported by urban clothing brands. I feel it is because Hip Hop and Rap music come from the streets, where the average person has nothing to look forward to but poverty and violence, which is why they dream fo r a better quality of life, (which in their minds) comes with cars, clothes, Jewelry, mansions, etc. Misogynist lyrics are taffeta indeed, but they do not represent a new trend in Black popular culture, nor do they differ fundamentally from woman hating discourses that are common among has been identified with masculinity, female artists have traditionally faced many barriers in entering hip hop and have been marginalia as performers. Despite this, many women rappers have found ways to contest and resist the objectification and exploitation of women in hip hop culture. Salt-N-Peep was one of the first all- female rap acts to provide pro-woman messages and critique double standards and grading images in hip hop.In her Grammar Award winning song U. N. I. , Queen Latish challenges male rappers who use the terms pitch and ho to refer to women. The question Who you calling a pitch? ends each verse of the song. You-You has dedicated much of her career to condemning hip hop misogyny. Many other women rap and rap -soul artists such as Lauren Hill, Eureka Baud, Missy Elliot have adopted a persona which opposes misogynistic representations of women in hip hop. However, some female artists offer no resistance to negative portrayals of women, ND in some cases appears to defend male rappers misogyny.

Values Important in My Life Essays - Identity Management, Law

Values Important in My Life Essays - Identity Management, Law Values Important in My Life Hiral Patel MGT 111*BC Professor McMillin 10/19/2012 Personal values are referred to as the defining principles in a person as an individual. These principles help determine how a person will face the world and relate with people as required. Personal values are a conviction concerning what a person believes is vital and desirable in his or her life. To me, a value is known to be a belief, or a philosophy, which is useful or can be useful in the future. My culture, environment, background, and family instill my values and ethics. There are many values that are important and that define my existence: family, independence, wisdom, education, progress and change, privacy, friendship, love, helping others, and achievement and success. I have grown up understanding the importance of family and relationships. I have been taught that your family are one of the only few people in the world who will be by your side and support you at all times. My family members are basically my advisors who teach me the right and wrong in life. My mother would always say, "If a family is and stays together, there is a solution for everything." I have always believed that keeping relationships with my family members is quite important because not only do they guide me through life, but they also help me with all kinds of dilemmas. Independence is prominent because I live according to my principles and I make my own decisions. It is my freedom and a chance to choose my way and my belief, which I am able to follow without it being prosecuted. Independence is having the right to agree, to disagree, and to have an education regardless of my race or gender or where I was born. It is my ability to choose. It is fine if I make mistakes because that is the only way I will learn. I will trip, and get back up and try again. Wisdom helps express my individuality. It is the light that guides my life and allows me to see the truth and not be blinded by others. With wisdom, I have the ability to se e beneath the surface of things, and I have the ability to make the best, informed decisions at any given time. If I use my wisdom when I am in a problem, I realize that I have solved many problems similar to the one I am in right now. Wisdom then assists me in getting rid of my problem. Wisdom prevents me from making and committing unethical decisions and actions. Education is a form of gaining knowledge of the world around me. It helps me build opinions and have points of view on aspects in life. Education is not just about lessons in textbooks, but about lessons of life, as well. It brings up questions and also helps me devise ways to find satisfactory answers to them. Also, I have grown up understanding the importance of education and how it opens doors to brilliant career opportunities. Every employer today requires expertise and employees to be well educated. Thus , education becomes an eligibility criterion for employment in any sector of the industry. Progress and change are both necessary in having and leading a successful life. Without them, I would just remain where I am forever. Progress is necessary in every aspect of life, as the world seems to be continuously changing all of the time. It does not have to be a major leap because small steps add up with time. Changes in life are inevitable. They make life more challenging for me because life without challenges is boring. It is better to try, experience, and accept new things. For me, privacy is necessary to protect my interests in certain situations. I do not consider privacy important due to embarrassment in front o f people, but rather because I personally l ike aspects of my life to be private. Yes, I would reveal things to a few people such as my family members, but other than that, I take privacy seriously. To me, it is the only way to be safe and avoid any kind of trouble. Having

Role of Women in Aviation Industry in the context of Gulf Arab Coursework

Role of Women in Aviation Industry in the context of Gulf Arab Countries - Coursework Example Doumato and Marsha claim that entry of women into economic and political arena has presented women as leaders. Their bid to do so cannot be simply termed simple since it has taken so much effort due to resistance from men. However, women leadership in the developed world has proved to be as effective as that of men. In some cases as a matter of fact, women have been deemed to be more effective leaders than men. Over and above this, women entry into the corporate world has pointed out the actual potential that women possess. Several aspects have presented women as corporate role models, thereby empowering other women. Just like it is the case with women who have already made a successful entry into the GCC aviation industry, women in developed countries play a significant role of empowering other women by acting as their role model in a bid to raise their social status. In comparison to the women context in developed world, GCC women are yet to match up the trend especially in corporate career development like in the aviation industry for example. El Baz notes that patriarchal laws and social customs continue to foster one of the world's most restrictive environments for women. This is not the case in developed world or rather in most other international environment around the world. Restricted civil liberties in the GCC have left women being deemed inferior to men in almost every aspect of life. Women activists are persistently advocating for equal opportunity between men and women in the GCC.

Culture and Translation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Culture and Translation - Essay Example The problem of translation, therefore, is not simply limited to finding alterative words but to preserving the source culture. Referring to the translation of specific genres which represent a language's cultural heritage and historical memories, Rosslyn (1997, pp. 19-22) highlights the difficulties of translating the worlds within which these words emerge and which they define and express. Translation is a challenge because it entails far more than the rendering of a text from a source to a target language; translation requires that the translator move the culture from the source text to the target text but in such a way as would allow the target audience to understand that culture and to appreciate it on its own terms (Bassnet, 1990; Baker, 1992, pp. 1-5; Schaffner and Kelly-Holmes, 1995, pp. 19-23; Faiq, 2004, pp. 14-16). Looking at the above stated from the perspective of Arabic to English or English to Arabic translation, the difficulties and challenges which the translator confronts become a bit clearer. Not only is the Arabic to English translator, for example, required to transfer an Arabic language text into the English language but he/she is expected to also preserve the Arabic culture from which the text emerged and transfer it to the source text, the translated one. This, as the essay will argue, is an extremely difficult undertaking and, if it is to be done properly, requires that the translator align the translation theory and type that he will use with the source text's genre and culture. 2 Culture and Translation The problem of translation is compounded by the cultural factor. This is especially so in cases where the proposed source culture and the planned target one are considered antithetical, or when the difference between them function as an obstacle to the one understanding the other. This is generally assumed to be the case with Arabic and English. Indeed, historical memories, linguistic heritages and worldviews specific to the Arabic and English languages are sufficiently different and divergent to pose as a real challenge for the translator. As Edward Said (1978, pp. 49-52) argued in his famous, and highly influential, treatise on orientalism, when translating from Arabic to English, the translator faces a challenging task. He has to disconnect himself, as a subject and person, from the act of translation, to avoid making the mistake of colonizing or orientalising the text. As regards the former, the implication here is that the Western translator approach the Arabic text from the mat rix of his/her own culture and, in his/her determined efforts to communicate the nuances of the oriental culture, emphasize its otherness,' ultimately portraying it as extremely foreign and exotic. As regards the latter, the translator similarly inserts him/herself, as a subjective cultural being, into the process. The outcome can be the colonization of the source text in the sense that the translator interprets it from his/her cultural perspectives and norms, effectively imposing the latter upon

Canadian Photographer Edward Burtynsky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Canadian Photographer Edward Burtynsky - Essay Example The current debates regarding global environmental conservation and sustainable living have substantially drawn inspiration and encouragement from Burtynsky’s images and photographs. After being awarded TED prize in 2005, one of his important wishes was the establishment of an environmental conservation website that will help young children to learn and develop the habit of going green at their tender age (TED, 2). This paper discusses the life of Edward Burtynsky, as well as his contributions to industrial landscape photography. Burtynsky was born in 1955 in Ontario, Canada. His parents were immigrants from Ukraine and at the age of 11, his father bought cameras and a dark room for making largely black and white photographic prints. He studied photography and graphic arts in his hometown and first attained a diploma in graphic arts at Niagra College before graduating with a degree in photographic arts at Ryerson University. Burtynsky’s interest in landscape photography was particularly inspired by his childhood experiences such as exposure to the areas around the General Motors plant where his father worked. He consequently developed a strong passion for the global industrial landscape and began to explore most parts of the industrial world to identify and photograph some of the unique industrial and manufacturing landscapes. With the recent technological advancements and industrial development, nature has significantly transformed and this is the central theme of Burtynsky’s works. The photographic works of Burtynsky have been exhibited both in solo, as well as in numerous group exhibitions across several parts of the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. Additionally, some of his famous prints are currently housed in corporate, public, as well as in private collections in several parts of the world. The major museums that exhibit Burtynsky’s works include the Canadian National Gallery, Guggenheim Museum in New York and Biblioth eque Museum in Paris (Koch 2). Generally, throughout his career as an artist, Burtynsky was awarded several fellowships and awards. Most of the famous artworks were photographic images of landscapes that had been altered by industrial development. For example, some of the sites depicted in the photographs included quarry sites, mine tailings, and scrap piles. The beauty of Burtynsky’s photographs was particularly achieved through the contrast and tension created by depicting compromised environments. He also toured several parts of the world, including China, to photograph some of the landscapes that had been altered by industrial development and construction industry such as the Three Gorges Dam. The success of Burtynsky’s artistic photography was large as a result of the numerous experiences he accumulated that ranged from ranged from exposure to various images and sites to photographic work development. As a result, his photographic imagery explored the intimate lin k between industry and nature by combining the various elements of manufacturing, mining, quarrying, oil production, shipping, as well as water recycling. Most of these places provided unique scenery which depicted beauty and a sense of humanity which significantly contrasted with the expectations of the viewers. The images and landscape photographs of Edward Burtynsky were diverse and mostly ranged from altered landscapes due to industrial activity, mountains, mining sites, and rivers.

Concepts Regarding Truth And Falsehood Philosophy Essay

Concepts Regarding Truth And Falsehood Philosophy Essay The concepts regarding truth and falsehood are essential for valuing each situation that occur in life of any human being. All experiences of practice in everyday life are being constantly evaluated by perception resulting in ordering of the reality. Distinction between true and false allows for formation of statements and beliefs concerning not only individual but also general opinion developed in a certain culture. How do we know that something is true? Determination of false claims is far easier as they are simply defined as contradiction of truth. In my opinion there are no absolute distinctions between what is true and false exclusively regarding arts. In the remaining areas of knowledge the border between the truth and falsehood is more visible since the concept of truth can be proved in a variety of ways. Relating to major theories of truth it can be evaluated using basic tests such as pragmatic, coherence and correspondence test.  [1]  Socrates, Platos and Aristotles idea s about truth are consistent with correspondence theory.  [2]  According to Aristotle: To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true.  [3]  The correspondence test demands that the statements correspond to what we observe in the world. To test, scientist examine the world and find evidence either directly through sense perception or via technological extensions of the senses.  [4]  One striking example illustrating this approach to the truth is the discovery of Gregor Mendel who has become famous for his study of the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants which substantially inflected the field of genetics.  [5]  His study was based on the sense perception and reasoning as he could have seen with his own eyes that the ratio of purple to white flowers of the pea plant was as he had expected. Consequently, using logics he has formulated the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment which have been preserved in the modern biological science without major modifications. The basis of coherence test is consistency of the statements we make. To test, scientist look not at the world but at the knowledge claims themselves and, as mathematics does, examine them for consistency, freedom and contradiction.  [6]  On that ground mathematicians make assumptions which are based on earlier proves and thereafter test their reliability in practise. Therefore, the process of assignment of the truth in this area of knowledge relies on both coherence and pragmatics test. Pragmatics test demands that the statement work in practical terms. We accept certain assumptions without empirical proof, like axioms, because they happen to work. For example, we assume that nature is regular and understandable.  [7]  By and large, a fundamental unit that builds up mathematics as a science is reasoning due to which the statements considered as true have a very high validity. A complex approach to the truth mostly make use of the basic tools of logics such as deduction, indu ction or implication. Regarding the topic it must be examined in what ways the concept of truth can be approached in all areas of knowledge. It is a fact that using an equal pattern in order to distinguish between truth and falsity is impossible. An example illustrating this concern is the fact that it is popularly believed that the transfer in arts relies on a subjective perception of the perceiver. Nonetheless, regarding prominent creative power of William Shakespear most people feel that the intergenerational transfer of his dramas possess universal value being considered as immutable over centuries. With respect to the general understanding of truth which is assumed to be universal and eternal the phenomenon of Shakespears splendour can be explained. With reference to Hamlet, the creation of the protagonist contributed to formation of an image of a certain philosophical character which attitude towards life is associated with relativism and skepticism. On the whole, the problem raised in the drama is reckoned as universal since it concerns basic existential values experienced by any human being. One of the most famous citation in the world literature to be or not to be refers to the most frequent question undertaken by philosophers, yet impossible to resolve. The issue of uncertain ability to distinguish between what is true and false has a substantial value for me personally as in the recent time I have experienced this concern very sorely. The problem becomes far more elaborate when the only way of knowing responsible for the process of recognition of the validity of a claim are emotions. I started to deliberate to what extent should we base our belief that something is true on emotions when my intimate friend delivered me a message which included a quotation of my boyfriends statement which was characterised negatively towards me. Regarding unlimited trust toward the person I assessed this information as undoubtedly true. As a result, I mindlessly refused my boyfriends firm denial as I based my belief on the rule of womens solidarity. Nevertheless, too late have I realised that the major problem is that my assumption was stated using simplified schemas recorded by my sense perception and primary emotional confidence. On that account, s upported by the coherence theory I summarised analogous situations that occurred conducting on them detailed analysis. As expected, the test revealed that my friend lied to me consistently which was not detected by me due to having neglected reasoning which I consider the best way of knowing in terms of establishing the distinction between truth and falsehood. The question is how can we use reason to know whether information provided by intimate people is reliable or not. This can be briefly summarized reciting Steven Robiner who once said: What is absolutely true is always correct, everywhere, all the time, under any condition. An entitys ability to discern these things is irrelevant to that state of truth.  [8]   As far as I am concerned, there is a vague border between true and untrue in law. How can we verify whether a proposition of law is true? To my mind, regarding this field of science what is true equals what is approved and what is false means what is disapproved. Hence, the truth is generated by a certain group of people called lawyers. Does the fact of having graduated the law faculty mean that a person is capable of determination of true statements? The model of truth presented in law corresponds to the concept undertaken in one of Nietzsches essay  [9]  being a ground of his thinking in which he denies the concept of universal constants stating that what we call truth is only a mobile army of metaphors, metonyms, and anthropomorphisms.  [10]  This issue constitutes a dominant of Franz Kafkas novel The Process which highlights the problem of suffering of human being as a consequence of absurd legal procedures. Finally, taking into consideration poetry we should examine why there is usually one interpretation notwithstanding the fact that everybody is individual and so is the way of perceiving the world. Irrespective of this, at school we are presented a complex interpretation formed by authorities which is believed to be true and valid. The analysis of the literature bases on rhetorical devices which constitute actual advice how to understand the text. Nevertheless, it is still possible that some devices can be apprehended in multiple dimensions which may alter the general interpretation thus, to some extent undermine the authority. In spite of that possibility if I am received a poem during my finals I will be expected to deliver a concrete interpretation with the aid of concrete resources of language. Consequently, if I outline a proper rendition I will be awarded, but otherwise, if I develop my own version I will not be given points. In my opinion, in such a situation the image of truth created by Nietzsche  [11]  is right. According to him, truth is nothing more than the invention of fixed conventions for merely practical purposes, especially those of repose, security and consistence.  [12]  To conclude, the truth in poetry might be considered two-tailed, being either absolute as the official interpretation established by experts or relativistic which refers to subjective version generated by an individual. Settlement of the border between those to contrastive directions of analysis of the truth is very difficult as there is a conflict between universal truth which is approved by the majority and the opposing theory of Albert Einstein according to which everything is relative. Taking everything into account, the establishment of the universal border between truth and falsehood is not a simple task as the concern can be regarded in a variety of ways depending on the context. The difficulty is a result of the abstract nature of those concepts due to which there will always be some margin of error in the judgment. Even though my hypothesis was rather strict having considered several situations it should be restated. For the above mentioned reasons, I think that to a large extent there are no explicit distinctions between what is true and what is false as the only limits derive from theories which are a product of human reasoning which is not flawless likewise anything in the world.

Comparing Feminist Poetry by Plath and Sexton Essay -- Feminism Femini

Comparing Feminist Poetry by Plath and Sexton Poetry "should be a shock to the senses. It should also hurt" Anne Sexton believed (Baym 2703), and evidence of this maxim's implications echoes loudly through the writing of Sexton as well as through the work of her friend and contemporary Sylvia Plath. Plath and Sexton's lifetimes spanned a period of remarkable change in the social role of women in America, and both are obviously feminist poets caught somewhere between the submissive pasts of their mothers and the liberated futures awaiting their daughters. With few established female poets to emulate, Plath and Sexton broke new ground with their intensely personal, confessional poetry. Their anger and frustration with female subjugation, as well as their agonizing personal struggles and triumphs appear undisguised in their works, but the fact that both Sexton and Plath committed suicide inevitably colors what the reader gleans from their poems. However, although their poems, such as Plath's "Daddy" and Sexton's "Little Girl, My String Bean, My Lovely Woman," deal with the authors' private experiences, they retain elements of universality; their language cuts through a layer of individual perspective to reach a current of raw emotion common to all human, but especially female, understanding. In Plath's "Daddy," written just before her death and published posthumously, the most readily accessible emotion is anger, and much of the poem is couched in autobiographical allusions. Plath's own father died of a gangrenous infection, caused by diabetes he refused to treat, when Plath was eight years old, and his death was "the crucial event of her childhood" (Baym 2743). Plath makes personal references to her father as a... ...life struggles and human relationships- of the things women carry with them that make them who they are. Works Cited Baym, Nina. General Editor. "Anne Sexton." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 5th ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998. 2703-4. ---"Sylvia Plath." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 5th ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998. 2742-44. "Electra Complex." The World Book Medical Encyclopedia. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago. April 2002. < http://www.rush.edu/index.html>. Plath, Sylvia. "Daddy." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 5th ed. General Editor, Nina Baym. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998. 2748-50. Sexton, Anne. "Little Girl, My String Bean, My Lovely Woman." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 5th ed. General Editor, Nina Baym. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998. 2707-09.

Agriculture Education

IDA/700-PAK-10 Assignment Report Agricultural Education FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY: NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PAKISTAN Horticulture and Vegetable Production at the Sind Agricultural University, Tandojam by Mohamed A. S. Sakr UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (Unesco) Paris, 1982 Serial No. FMR/ED/OPS/82/23KIDA) IDA/700-PAK-10 Assignment Report (Sakr) FMR/ED/OPS/82/231 (IDA) Paris, 22 June 1982 CONTENTS PARAGRAPHS INTRODUCTION ( 1 – 2) AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION: UNIVERSITY PROVISION AND NEEDS ( 3 – 14) Faculties 3- Central Facilities: 5- 8 (1) (2) (3) Central Library Laboratories Water and Electricity (4) 5 6 7 S University Farm 9 Faculty of Agriculture 9 Staffing 10 – 14 Department of Horticulture 10 (1) (2) (3) Staffing Buildings Equipment 11 – 13 14 (15 – 36) ACTIVITIES OF HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT AND ADVISER 16 – 20 Undergraduate Curricula 21 Postgraduate Curricula 22 – 29 Vegetable Crops (1) (2) (3) object ives and Methods Growing methods Seed production (4) Results 22 – 23 24 – 27 28 29 30 – 32 Student Training:- practical work and lectures 3 – 34 Staff Training Research 35 – I. INTRODUCTION 1. This report covers the activities of the Adviser in Horticulture and Vega,table Production from 14 March 1981 to 13 March 1982, within the framework of Credit Agreement No. 678, signed on 18 February 1977 between the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the International Development Association as provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under sub-contract to Unesco. 2. His functions were defined as follows:Under the direction of theVice-chancellor of the University and the Director of the Third Education Project in Pakistan, the Adviser, besides performing such other duties within his competence as might be assigned him, would assist the University's Faculty of Agriculture to: a) b) Develop curricula and teaching methods for cour ses in horticulture ; c) Prepare courses on physiological features affecting the growth of horticultural crops, including day-length, water-stress, soil and air temperatures, fertiliser use and uptake, etc. ; d) Encourage the development and use of innovative methods for teaching horticulture; e)Identify plant species which could be used locally for seed production; f) I I. Initiate and improve research methods in vegetable production; Prepare, within the Adviser's field of competence, technical documents (manuals, guidelines, brochures, etc. ) to be put at the disposal of the Faculty of Agriculture. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION: UNIVERSITY PROVISION AND NEEDS Faculties 3. The Sind Agricultural University, which developed from the Agricultural College first established at Sakrand in 1939, had in 1982, an enrolment of 1,700 students and some 200 teaching staff (not including Research Institute s taff).It has a Division of Basic Sciences, three Faculties – Agriculture, Animal Husband ry and Veterinary Science, and Agricultural Engineering — and a Directorate of Advanced Studies. 4. The largest faculty is that of Agriculture, with 1,252 undergraduates and 174 postgraduate students and 88 teaching staff in 1982. It has eleven departments: agronomy, botany and plant breeding, agricultural extension and short courses, agricultural chemistry, agricultural economics, entomology, horticulture, plant protection, plant pathology, statistics and English. -2-Central Facilities (1) Central Library; 5. The Adviser considered that the Central Library, which serves the whole University, had inadequate stocks of recent reference books and periodicals, that its use could be increased if its hours of operation were extended from 7. 30 a. m. to 7. 30 p. m. , and that indexing and shelf-storage of books and other materials should be improved. (2) Laboratories : 6. A Central Laboratory, the Adviser recommended, should be established for advanced studies, suitably equipped and staffed with trained technicians.There was a need for a central service to maintain and repair laboratory equipment and apparatus. He found numerous items to be out of service which could easily have been repaired. Laboratory assistants were needed for proper laboratory maintenance and operation, and every department should have access to laboratories suitable for practical work by students, for demonstrations and for research and experimentation by teaching staff and postgraduate students. (3) Water and Electricity: 7. The water pressure was inadequate in most laboratories, to the detriment of practical work and experimental projects.Intermittent electrical breakdowns interfered with the conduct of laboratory experiments which required maintenance of a certain temperature, humidity and lighting. Wiring in some laboratories was inadequate. Voltage fluctuations should be stabilized by voltage regulators where sensitive apparatus was used. An emergency power, supply should be availab le. (4) university Farm: 8. The importance of practical training should be reflected by the development of a university farm large enough to serve all three faculties.A committee, headed by the Vice-chancellor, should be responsible for the planning and control of the farm, with a farm manager in charge of its activities. The farm would be used primarily for training students and for experimental studies, while production of field crops, fruit and vegetables, together with apiculture and fish-farming, could support research activities. Faculty of Agriculture Staffing: 9. With 88 teaching staff for 1,426 students, the student-teacher ratio in the Faculty of Agriculture is 1:16.This makes it difficult for teachers to teach, supervise practical training and research tasks and deal individually with students. The Adviser considered that the teacher:student ratio should be 1:10. -3- Department of Horticulture (1) Staffing 10. The Horticultural Department of the Faculty of Agriculture pro vides undergraduate and graduate courses in three main fields: pomology, olericulture and ornamental horticulture. The teaching staff of eight (a professor, one associate professor, four assistant professors and two lecturers) should be doubled by the addition of two associates, two assistant professors and four lecturers.A laboratory technician and three assistants, a field assistant for the vegetable garden and a tractor driver (should the Department receive a garden tractor) should also b e provided. For the moment, the University should provide at least a laboratory technician and a field assistant. (2) Buildings (a) Laboratories : 11. The Department has two laboratories, one about 30* x 15†² and the other 60†² x 3 0†², the latter having two store rooms. Considering that this space was not enough for undergraduate practical work, the Adviser-recommended the provision of two more laboratories of 4 0†² x 25 ‘ . b) 12. Horticultural Structures: The Adviser recommended provision of: (i) a lath house of 4 0 x 8 0 ‘ for propagation and to provide proper shade for seedlings and ornamental shade plants; (ii) a greenhouse for tropical foliage plants? (iii) a growth chamber for research on environmental impact on the growth and yield of horticultural plants. If an imported growth chamber cannot b e obtained, an alternative would b e a greenhouse with humidity, light and temperature controls. (c) Post-harvest Structures: 1 3. A building is needed for preparing fruit and vegetables for marketing and torage, de-greening and fruit-curing chambers, cold storage, and preservation of fruit and vegetables. (3) Equipment 1 4. The laboratory equipment is adequate, though some items were in need of repair. Field machinery, for both garden and farm, is provided by the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering. However, the Adviser considered it would be advantageous for the Department to have a 60 hp garden tractor, with trolly and -4- other accessori es, plough, cultivator, rotivator, leveller, pit-digger, driller, power sprayer, etc.This would save time now being lost in borrowing tractors in emergencies, such as one which might arise in connection with disease and pest control. It would ease problems occurring from the shortage of labour. I II. ACTIVITIES OF HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT AND ADVISER 1 5. Besides advising on staffing and facilities, the Adviser co-operated with Department of Horticulture staff in a number of activities, including the revision of curricula, growing of vegetable crops, practical work, training students and staff, and research. Undergraduate Curricula 16..Undergraduate studies in horticulture cover a period of five years, the courses being: Years 1 and 2 : Basic science (Intermediate l evel); Year 3 : General horticulture; Year 4 : Fruit and vegetable growing and ornamental horticulture ; Year 5 : Fruit and vegetable production, landscape gardening and general food technology. 1 7. The curricula in the following areas were revised. (a) Intermediate level basic science; (b) Various major field horticultural courses; (c) Agro-ecology of Sind and Baluchistan; (d) Major horticultural crops in Sind and Baluchistan; e) Problems of fruit and vegetable production in these two provinces. 18. An interim development plan was prepared for undergraduate and postgraduate studies. It was agreed that the three existing courses in plant-breeding and genetics provided an adequate scientific background in this field and that priority should now go to fruit and vegetable production. To this end, two new courses should be added so that the overall course would include: vegetable growing, vegetable production (two courses) and seed production. – 5- 19.In vegetable growing, in addition to the existing areas of definition, classification, soil and climatic requirements, the Faculty should add rotation, green manuring and kitchen garden cultivation. The two courses in vegetable production would gi ve time for major crops to be dealt with in greater detail and for more practical training. The area in Sind under vegetable cultivation is increasing steadily as farmers realise its value for cash crops, but the yield is still very low. This is due mainly to lack of knowledge and experience (which the agricultural extension services could provide) and a lack of good seed. 0. A course in vegetables, fruit and ornamental plant seed production should be offered. Students would learn how to collect, harvest, clean, dry, pack and store seeds and they would study seed dormancy, germination and treatment, together with methods of breeding self and cross-pollinated crops. Postgraduate Curricula 21. The present postgraduate curricula cover horticultural plant nutrition, plant propagation and fruit production (two p arts). This last should be replaced by two new courses : (a) the soil and water relations of horticultural plants; (b) temperature and water relations of horticultural plants.Opt ional courses should be introduced for M. Sc. students to supply them with additional information needed in their fields of study. Options could include courses on major horticultural crops and general courses on the improvement of horticultural plants, on growth† regulators and on protected cultivation. As most research experiments on vegetables must be conducted at the Agricultural Research Institute at Mirpurkhas, 30 miles away, it was decided that priority should be given to raising vegetable crops at Malir, the university Farm,to provide the Horticultural Department with the facilities needed for research.Vegetable Crops (1) Objectives and Methods 22. The main objectives of the Horticultural Department in growing vegetable crops were to provide practical training for staff, students and labourers; to become familiar with problems of vegetable production in Sind; to evaluate crops and varieties, and seed production. It was planned to start by using two acres in the horticu ltural garden for growing most of the vegetable crops for practical training, and four acres at Malir Farm for a four-year crop rotation. 2 3.Winter vegetables, carrots, radishes, turnips, cauliflowers, spinach and beet, were grown in the garden. The local varieties were identified, evaluated, weighed and measured. Promising varieties of radish, carrot and onion could be improved by breeding. All peas and spinach were of poor quality, most of the peas being dwarf types, with an average plant height of only ten – twelve inches. – 6- The spinach varieties were prickly-seeded and, during the shortest winter days, started flowering early. The seed stalks had an extreme male-type of inflorescence.Seed of selected suitable varieties of peas and spinach should be imported. (2) Growing Methods (a) Trailed Tomatoes; 2 4. Trailing tomatoes were tried in the open; local and imported varieties were planted and supported by iron stakes, galvanised wire and plastic string. Students and labourers were trained to tie the vines to strings, to pinch and remove auxiliary shoots and to apply fertilisers. The trial was successful, the plants standing well throughout the season and bearing -heavily. Later, owing to virus diseases on some vines, all plants were removed and burnt.A second trial was begun in the summer, the tomato vines being shaded by luffa plants – ridge gourd (luffa acutangula) and sponge gourd (luffa aegyptica) – the small luffa fruit being edible. (b) Soil-level mulches: 2 5. Cucurbits – bitter gourd (mermodica charanta), tinda or Indian squash (citrullos vulgaris, var fistulosa), tori (luffa s p. ), cucumber and cantalope were grown- early. Seeds were planted on December 21st in hillocks on raised beds covered with clear polyethylene film to form soil-level mulches.Two weeks later, seed emergence was observed, with a minimum temperature o f 6 C. Minimum and maximum temperatures and germination percentages were recorded. (c) Pla stic tunnels: 2 6. Plastic walk-in and mini-tunnels were† made of local materials. The mini-tunnels were used for raising nursery plants and for getting tomato, pepper and egg-plant seedlings†¢ They gave high germination percentages and well-established seedlings. The walk-in tunnels were used for trailed tomatoes and for cucumbers, temperature and humidity data being recorded. d) Crop rotation: 2 7. A site on Malir Farm was selected for growing vegetables as an intercrop on the new mango plantation and an area of four acres was prepared for a fouryear rotation. Vegetables were grown on the farm to provide training in managing a vegetable farm for profitable production, and the rotation was designed to cover the main summer and winter crops. The main factors taken into account when planning the cropping sequence were distribution of the root systems and differences in the uptake of nutrients.All needs for seeds, fertilisers, fungicides and pesticides were estimated, and s upply arrangements made, from the beginning. . 7- (3) Seed Production 2 8. Onions, cauliflowers-and spinach were grown on the farm for seed production. Good onion bulbs of two to three inches in diameter were selected, the Phulkara variety being chosen as being an early sort commercially grown on a large scale in Sind's three main districts – Hyderabad, Tharparker and Sanghar. Snow white, an imported variety of cauliflower, was also planted for seed production.Spinach seed was sown in two batches, that for seed production being sown early and a fortnight later another small area being sown to ensure adequate pollination. (4) Results 29. This vegetable growing gave ample scope for training staff, students and labourers. Mini-tunnels and plastic soil mulches showed possibilities of improving yields and reducing costs. The former, as noted, gave high germination percentages and well-established seedlings, while the latter produced good quality summer crops, advanced by some thre e to four weeks and with a 25% to 50% increase in yield, with consequent savings in water and labour.Visitors were interested in getting information on plastic film tunnels and mulches for growing early tomatoes, egg-plants, chillies, okra, melons and gourds, which all gave high market prices. Student Training – practical work and lectures 30. The horticultural garden of about forty acres and the new fifty-acre mango plantation provided ample space for giving students practical training in fruit, vegetables and ornamental horticulture during the academic year 1981/82. Four groups, of 45 third-year general horticulture students, were split into sub-groups, each having its own assignment r e. . in the orchard or vegetable garden, weeding or thinning out, etc. Fourth-year students likewise participated in practical work in ornamental horticulture, trimming hedges and creepers, tending lawns and preparing cuttings. Fifth-year students also took part in practical work on vegetable production. 31. In the winter season, when more land is usually available for practical training and demonstration in vegetable growing, work done by third and fifth year students included: (a) different ways, of sowing seed: by scattering; in hillocks, by drilling, (b) aising and tending nursery plants, both in the open and in mini-tunnels ; (c) weeding, thinning, manuring, applying fertilisers; (d) trailing tomatoes and preparing paper p ots, plastic tunnels and mulches. -8 3 2. included: In addition, practical garden and farm work for fifth-year students (a) identification of spinach and chard seeds, learning by observation that spinach is single-seeded while chard and beet are multiple-seeded; practice in thinning; (b) recognition of spinach sex: extreme male, vegetative male, female, and identification of types of inflorescence; (c) emonstration of sexual propagation of the potato, sweet potato, dasheen and garlic;. (d) practice in cutting seed tubers into two, three or four p ieces according to size and number of eyes; cutting of sweet potato vines. Staff Training 33. In-service training of the'Department's teaching staff was carried o ut, directly or indirectly, by visits, practical work and discussions. Most staff members participated, in groups of two to four at a time, in visits to noted farms, progressive vegetable growers, agricultural research institutes, fruit and flower shows, and to seed markets, merchants and growers.The Adviser recommended that more such visits should be made and that the University should have more transportation for this purpose. 3 4. Practical work included vegetable growing and testing, plant and seed studies, laying out crop rotations and managing day-to-day operations. Discussion topics included undergraduate and postgraduate curricula, teaching methods, laboratory and equipment needs and use, and the draft university development plan. Three topics were prepared for seminars – plastic film tunnels and mulches, ro tation and inter-cropping, and vegetable crop nutrition.A seminar was held on the first of these, attended by university staff, growers and guests. Research 35. The Adviser considered the span of one academic year inadequate for the work that the M. Sc. course should comprise – attending courses and seminars, laying out the research experiment, collecting data and information, and preparing the thesis. Chemical analysis, he noted. , had not been included in any of the eight M . Sc. experiments on vegetables carried out in the previous seven years, although four were on the use of manure and fertilisers and two on variety tests. 9- 36. Eight M. Sc. experiments were due to be conducted at Malir Farm: two on methods of carrot seed production, three on onions (two on fertiliser use and the other on spacing), two on okra (on spacing and on testing varieties) and one on manure-testing for chillies. Other experiments proposed included evaluation and improvement of the keeping qualit ies of local varieties of vegetables, studies on the optimum sowing dates for the main vegetable crops, and the effects on vegetable crops' growth and yields of selected environmental factors and of manure and fertilisers.

New York Essays - New York, Manhattan, World Champion Yankees

New York Essays - New York, Manhattan, World Champion Yankees New York English 99 1/1/99 I know of a interesting place where people flock to in hope of success. I on the other hand have been to this place twice as a tourist. People call it the big apple or the city that never sleeps. It?s home to Wall Street and the world champion Yankee?s. This place is called New York. I go to New York annually to see Jake a friend of mine who lives there. He is my best friend and went into the Air Force two years ago and ended up in New York. It?s hard to raise enough money to get to New York and still have enough money to go to school, but I manage. New York is strange, peculiar, and mysterious all in one. If you drive a vehicle in New York you better be ready to spend some money. To cross just one of the many bridges you must pay a toll of about six dollars. To park your car anywhere in downtown New York for a day, it?ll cost you around twenty two bucks on the average. Also, just driving downtown can be hazardous for you and your car. It?s scary to see taxi cabs with grill bars all the way around the vehicle, and to see paint spots on it and dents where they have hit some one. The neat thing about driving in New York is that when you honk your cars horn everybody does the same with theirs. It makes a car symphony played through out the streets. A good place to go to see what New York is really like is Central Park. It?s so fascinating to watch what people do to make a buck. I saw a performance where two guys where performing a mime act for money. At the end of their routine people threw them money, and then they moved to another location in the park and did the same routine for a different crowd. People where carrying around briefcases full of fake fossil watches trying to sucker people into buying them. Another person was trying to sell stolen cell phones to people who didn?t know any better. Basically these people were trying to make it in New York the wrong way. Jake and I visited the Sears Towers, and it?s amazing how tall they are. From the bottom looking up it looks as if the skyscrapers are rocking from side to side. Looking from the top at the small world below was something else! I thought New York was big, but from up there it looked so small. I was planning on seeing the Statue of Liberty, but we missed the boat that would have taken us there. I recommend that if you ever visited New York find out when the boat launches are to the Statue. I plan on seeing it next year.

DuPont An investment analysis Essays - Chemical Companies, DuPont

DuPont An investment analysis Essays - Chemical Companies, DuPont DuPont An investment analysis DuPont makes a variety of high-value products for industry today, including polymers, chemicals, fibers, and petroleum products...products for agriculture, electronics, transportation, apparel, food, aerospace, construction, and health care. DuPont serves customers in these and other industries every day, offering "better things for better living" as the company prepares to begin its third century of scientific, technological, commercial, and social achievement. DuPont is a research and technology based chemical and energy company with its annual revenue exceeding $39 billion. Eleuthre Irne du Pont de Nemours, a French immigrant, established DuPont in 1802 in a small Delaware town. E.I. du Pont was a student of Antoine Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry, and when he came to America he brought some of the new ideas about the manufacturing of consistently reliable gun powder. His product ignited when it was supposed to, in a manner consistent with expectations. This was greatly appreciated by the citizens of the growing nation, including Thomas Jefferson, who wrote thanking du Pont for the quality of his powder, which was being used to clear the land at Monticello. Many other heroes of early America owed their success, and their lives, to the dependable quality of DuPont's first product. This represents a good, strong start for a company. DuPont, which is moving through the last decade of the twentieth century and toward its third century, emphasizes several things; competing globally; sharpening its business focus; increasing productivity; committing to safety, health, and environmental excellence; and continuing to extend its significant science and technological achievement. One of DuPont's major strategies is to focus on businesses in which DuPont has core competencies, where DuPont can build competitive advantage. The most notable example of this focus was the 1993 transaction in which DuPont acquired ICI's nylon business and ICI acquired DuPont's acrylics business. This strengthened the company's position in the global nylon business while divesting a business that no longer fit its portfolio. Another major factor in the transformation of the company in the1990s was the focus on reducing costs and improving productivity. This was necessary to give the company the flexibility for competitive pricing and to grow market share and earnings. DuPont had strong plants in several countries around the world for many years, and their globalization trend continued in the 1990s. New plants opened in Spain, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, and China, and a major technical service center opened in Japan. In 1994, a Conoco joint venture began producing oil from the Ardalin Field in the Russian Arcticthe first major oil field brought into production by a Russian/Western partnership since demise of the Soviet Union. A further major development was the redemption of 156 million DuPont shares from Seagram for $8.8 billion in cash and warrants - one of the largest stock redemptions in history. This large block of shares was redeemed at a 13 percent discount to market price. While DuPont later sold some new shares, there are 18 percent fewer shares currently outstanding than just prior to the redemption. This resulted in a significant opportunity for wealth creation for our stockholders. The share redemption was made possible by four years of cost reduction, productivity improvement and organizational change that have made DuPont strong financially and allowed them to move decisively and quickly. The DuPont that emerged from the company's transformation in the 1990s has often been described by people inside and outside the company as "the new DuPont." This characterization is only partly appropriate, because while DuPont has changed, there are many things that remain the same. The core competency in science and technology, the commitment to safety, the concern for people, the feeling of community, the emphasis on personal and corporate integrity, the future focus, and indeed the willingness to change. DuPont is a company not only out for their own interest, but also for the best interest of the world. What has always set DuPont apart is the quality of the people, people committed to making life easier and better for everybody, proud to be a part of an enterprise making "better things for better living." That was true in 1802. And it is just as true today. In the second quarter of 1995 DuPont reported earnings per share of $1.70, up 47 percent from the $1.16 earned in the second quarter 1994. Net income totaled $938 million, compared to $792 million earned in 1994. Both earnings per share and net income increased 27 percent."These outstanding results continue to reflect strong revenue gains and ongoing productivity improvements," said DuPont Chairman Edgar S.Woolard Jr. Sales for the second quarter were $11.1 billion, up 9 percent from prior year. The third quarter of the 1995 business year led DuPont to a $1.38 per share earning. This number exceeded the $.95 earned in the third quarter of 1994 by more than 45%. Net income totaled $769 million compared to $647 million

Abridged Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abridged Literature Review - Essay Example d rehabilitate the offenders after committing crimes, criminal justice system has been introduced, which looks for recover and recuperate the offenders in a systematic and an organized way. Theories have been articulated and researches have been conducted for discovering biological, sociological and psychological causes behind perversion. This chapter discusses the studies already conducted under juvenile recidivism in prisons, which are as following: Marian Gewirtz (2007) conducted a comprehensive study under the title Recidivism among Juvenile Offenders in New York City. She made comparative analyses among different boroughs of the city and concluded the very fact that re-arrest rate of the juveniles is very high because of the inappropriate prevailing prison system. More than three quarters of the juveniles, Gewirtz submits, were re-arrested within four years and half were re-arrested for a VFO in that time. The data suggest that juveniles processed in Manhattan are less likely to be re-arrested shortly after their initial release than were juveniles processed in the other boroughs, although the overall re-arrest rate is not lower for Manhattan juveniles. (2007: 32) She also found out that recidivism among male offenders is far higher than the female juveniles due to the fact that males obtain free food and residence at jails, which saves them from working to earn their bread. The researcher also indicated that the crimes like robbery, theft and rape are the most repeated crimes among juvenile offenders. Gewirtz looks for the review of prison policies, so that the probabilities of the repetition of crimes could be mitigated among the juveniles. Another study, under the title â€Å"Juveniles in Adult prisons and Jails†, was conducted by Reno et al in 2000, which aims to state that keeping the juvenile offenders in adult prison houses has increased the percentage of recidivism among the juvenile prisoners. Reno et al believe that keeping young males and females

Management of the End-Stage Kidney Disease Essay - 21

Management of the End-Stage Kidney Disease - Essay Example This article shall address the proper management of a patient suffering from ESKD, focusing from the time of admission to discharge (Dalrymple et al. 2011). Nursing need assessment tool is one of the tools that shall be employed to develop the patient profile and assist in the plan for her management. This tool is very essential in addressing the needs of an older patient who require long-term care due to a chronic condition. The tool addresses the patient holistically and embraces professional decision-making. In addition, the tool makes the assessment in a staged approach by deviating from the conventional narrative approach to a focused assessment approach. Another tool that shall be employed is the nursing care plan, which shall help in addressing the patient problem and plan the management accordingly. The key health problems for CherylWarra Allen are the renal failure, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. These health problems are prioritised in that order because of their impact on the health status of the patient. Kidney failure has got a fatal result if not urgently managed this is because it leads to accumulation of several toxic wastes as well as fluid in the body. Accumulation of nitrogenous waste and urea in the blood leads to uraemia, which is a fatal cause of confusion and coma in patients with kidney failure. In addition, the state of the patient confusion makes it difficult to treat the patient since the patient shall not cooperate during the treatment process. The patient may remove the gas mask or other intravenous medication that she is being given. Renal failure leads to accumulation of fluid in the body, which is as a result of inadequate excretion of fluid by the kidney. Accumulation of fluid in the body leads to adverse effect such as difficulty in breathing. When fluid accumulates on around the lungs and adnexa tissues, the lungs and the diaphragm may get compressed leading to shallow breathing and ultimately lead to exertion. Excess accumulation within the pleural cavity leads to excess difficulty in breathing and the patient shall require a gas mask or other assisted breathers otherwise the patient can die within a short time due to shortness of breath.  Ã‚